Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems

Wind and water circulation patterns in the ocean environment are expected to change due to climate change. These changes may impact the vertical flow of ocean fluids (i.e., upwelling and downwelling), which will affect the supply of essential nutrients and oxygen to marine species.

1. Rising CO2 levels in the atmosphere and oceans cause rising sea levels, increased vertical stratification, withdrawing sea ice, altered rainfall and wind patterns. Warming and changing ocean circulation diminish subsurface oxygen levels and increase the CO2 level in the atmosphere, which causes ocean acidification.
2. Many layers of ocean biological organisation and function are influenced by climate and CO2 changes. Direct temperature and chemical changes will alter the organism’s physiology and behaviour that qualify population-level and bring consequences such as poleward shifts in spatial ranges, population size, population growth rates, and seasonal variation.
3. Climate change has a community-level impact because it alters physiology, which leads to a shift in species interactions such as competition, grazing, predation, and disease dynamics. These processes result in the changed formation of novel ecosystems, community structure & diversity.
4. Rising CO2 levels and climate change may alter general ecosystem features, including trophic structure, food web dynamics, and aggregated functions like energy and material flows and biogeochemical cycles, affecting ecosystem services, people and civilisations.

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